Type of Feet in a Mexican Population: Analysis of the Footprint Morphology and Literature Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17488/RMIB.44.2.1Keywords:
Flatfoot, cavus foot, normal foot, footprint, Chippaux-Smirak IndexAbstract
There is no specific age when the vault of the feet is completely formed. The objective of this study was to analyze the footprint morphology and obtain the Chippaux-Smirak Index in a Mexican population to identify the type of feet and its prevalence. A database of images of the soles of both feet was analyzed. The database contained images of 1,014 persons between 2 and 73 years old from Guanajuato state, Mexico. Moreover, a literature review was performed to identify the type of feet in the Mexican population. It was observed that less than 17 % of the population have cavus foot (p= 0.018). Furthermore, less than 25 % of the population between 17 and 73 years have flatfoot 3 (p= 0.0079) in the left foot. Also, only nine articles related to the type of foot in the Mexican population were found, but most of them were performed on young population. The formation of the medial arc could be beyond the first decade of life and the relatively high prevalence of flatfoot in adult life should be studied. Finally, the results found can be useful for orthopedists, physiotherapists, clinicians, and parents who are concerned about the foot health of their children.
Downloads
References
C. Álvarez Camarena and W. Palma Villegas, “Desarrollo y biomecánica del arco plantar”, Ortho-tips, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 215–222, 2010. [Online] Available: https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/orthotips/ot-2010/ot104c.pdf
C. E. Fuentes-Venado, A. Ángeles-Ayala, M. S. Salcedo-Trejo, L. J. Sumano-Pérez, C. Y. Viveros-del Valle, E. O. Martínez-Herrera, M. G. Frías-de León, L. E. González-Gutiérrez, I. G. Monjaras-Bernal, and R. Pinto-Almazán, “Comparative assessment of flatfoot in preschool children,” Bol. Med. Hosp. Infant. Mex., vol. 77, no. 6, pp. 312–319, Nov. 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.24875/BMHIM.20000135
A. Arizmendi Lira, E. Pastrana Huanaco, and B. Rodríguez Lara, “Prevalencia de pie plano en niños de Morelia,” Rev. Mex. Pediatría, vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 66–69, Mar. 2004. [Online]. Available: https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/pediat/sp-2004/sp042c.pdf
J. Mortazavi, R. Espandar, and T. Baghdadi, “Flatfoot in children: How to approach?,” Iran. J. Pediatr., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 163–170, 2007. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26467530_Flatfoot_in_Children_How_to_Approach
A. Atik and S. Ozyurek, “Flexible flatfoot,” North. Clin. Istanbul, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 57–64, 2014. doi: https://doi.org/10.14744/nci.2014.29292
V. S. Mosca, “Flexible flatfoot in children and adolescents,” J. Child. Orthop., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 107–121, Apr. 2010. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11832-010-0239-9
H. Uden, R. Scharfbillig, and R. Causby, “The typically developing paediatric foot: How flat should it be? A systematic review,” J. Foot Ankle Res., vol. 10, no. 37, pp. 1–17, Aug. 2017. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13047-017-0218-1
I. Miguel-Andrés, A. E. Rivera-Cisneros, J. J. Mayagoitia-Vázquez, S. L. Orozco-Villaseñor, and A. Rosas-Flores, “Índice de pie plano y zonas de mayor prevalencia de alteraciones músculo-esqueléticas en jóvenes deportistas,” Fisioterapia, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 17–23, Jan. 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ft.2019.08.002
L. Gómez Salazar, J. M. Franco Alvarez, J. J. Nathy Portilla, E. A. Valencia Esguerra, D. V. Vargas Bonilla, and L. Jiménez Hernández, “Características de la huella plantar en deportistas colombianos,” Entramado, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 158–167, Jul. 2010. [Online]. Available: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2654/265419645012.pdf
J. A. Aco-Luna, F. Rodríguez-Jiménez, M. G. Guzmán-Coli, M. A. Enríquez-Guerra, and I. G. Chavarría-Bernardino, “Frequency of footprints alterations in school children from a Mexican community,” Acta Ortop. Mex., vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 289–291, Sep. 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/ortope/or-2019/or195e.pdf
L. Gómez, J. M. Franco, J. J. Nathy, E. Valencia, D. Vargas, and L. Jiménez, “Influencia del deporte en las características antropométricas de la huella plantar femenina,” Rev. Educ. Física y Deport., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 25–33, 2009. doi: https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.efyd.3061
M. Bouchard and V. S. Mosca, “Flatfoot deformity in children and adolescents: Surgical indications and management,” J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg., vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 623–632, Oct. 2014. doi: https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOS-22-10-623
K.-C. Chen, L.-C. Tung, C.-J. Yeh, J.-F. Yang, J.-F. Kuo, and C.-H. Wang, “Change in flatfoot of preschool-aged children: A 1-year follow-up study,” Eur. J. Pediatr., vol. 172, no. 2, pp. 255–260, Feb. 2013. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-1884-4
G. Rivera-Saldívar, R. Torres-González, M. Franco-Valencia, R. Ríos-Monroy, F. Martínez-Ramírez, E. Pérez Hernández, and D. Duarte-Dagnino, “Factores de riesgo asociados a la conformación del arco longitudinal medial y del pie plano sintomático en una población escolar metropolitana en México,” Acta Ortop. Mex., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 85–90, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/aom/v35n4/2306-4102-aom-35-04-317.pdf
L. A. Valdez Jiménez, A. D. Saucedo Campos, J. R. Jiménez Flores, and S. Cristóbal Sigrist, “Pie plano flexible y su correlación con síndrome metabólico en niños y adolescentes,” Rev. Mex. Ortop. Ped., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 31–37, Jan. 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/opediatria/op-2016/op161f.pdf
A. K. Reihaneh, A. Faranak, and G. Mostafa, “Prevalence of flat foot: comparison between male and female primary school students,” Iran. Rehabil. J., vol. 11, no. 18, pp. 22–24, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-300-en.pdf
H. A. Miranda C., L. A. Flores Cu, S. Camacho López, H. Rostro González, and M. Cano Lara, “Interface for contour extraction and determination of morphologic parameters in digital images of footprints based on Hernandez-Corvo protocol,” in VIII Lat. Am. Caribb. Conf. Eng. Technol., XLII Nat. Conf. Biomed. Eng. (IFMBE Proc.), Cancun, Mexico, 2020, pp. 367–376. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30648-9_48
S. N. K. Kodithuwakku Arachchige, H. Chander, and A. Knight, “Flat feet: Biomechanical implications, assessment and management,” Foot, vol. 38, no. 1. pp. 81–85, Mar-2019. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2019.02.004
S. L. Orozco-Villaseñor, J. J. Mayagoitia-Vázquez, I. Miguel-Andrés, K. D. De la Cruz-Alvarado, and R. Villanueva-Salas, “Factores de riesgo asociados a patologías musculoesqueléticas en deportistas con pie cavo anterior a través de estudios de baropodometría,” Acta Ortop. Mex., vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 317–321, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.35366/103310
H. I. Saldívar Cerón, A. Garmendia Ramírez, M. A. Rocha Acevedo, and P. Pérez Rodríguez, “Obesidad infantil: Factor de riesgo para desarrollar pie plano,” Bol. Med. Hosp. Infant. Mex., vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 55–60, 2015. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmhimx.2015.02.003
A. G. Martínez Lozano, “Pie plano en la infancia y adolescencia. Conceptos actuales,” Rev. Mex. Ortop. Ped., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 5–13, Jan. 2009. [Online]. Available: https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/opediatria/op-2009/op091b.pdf
I. Miguel-Andrés, J. J. Mayagoitia-Vázquez, S. L. Orozco-Villaseñor, M. León-Rodríguez, and D. Samayoa-Ochoa, “Efecto de la morfología de las plantas de los pies en la distribución de presión plantar en atletas jóvenes con diferentes tipos de pie,” Fisioterapia, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 30–37, Jan. 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ft.2020.07.003
A. N. Onodera, I. C. N. Sacco, E. H. Morioka, P. S. Souza, M. R. de Sá, and A. C. Amadio, “What is the best method for child longitudinal plantar arch assessment and when does arch maturation occur?,” Foot, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 142–149, Sept. 2008. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2008.03.003
L. A. Luengas C., M. F. Díaz H., and J. L. González M., “Determinación de tipo de pie mediante el procesamiento de imágenes,” Ingenium Rev. Fac. Ing., vol. 17, no. 34, pp. 147–161, Nov. 2016. [Online]. Available: https://revistas.usb.edu.co/index.php/Ingenium/article/view/2744
M. J. Muñoz-Neira, A. S. Martínez-Parra, C. G. Ruiz-Adarme, C. H. Triana-Castro, and J. L. Cornejo-Plata, “Diseño de un sistema de reconocimiento de patrones en imágenes termográficas y de huella plantar para la identificación de pie plano en niños con edades entre cinco y seis años,” Rev. Cient., vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 313–324, Aug. 2019. doi: https://doi.org/10.14483/23448350.14345
S. Pita-Fernández, C. González-Martín, T. Seoane-Pillado, B. López-Calviño, S. Pértega-Díaz, and V. Gil-Guillén, “Validity of footprint analysis to determine flatfoot using clinical diagnosis as the gold standard in a random sample aged 40 years and older,” J. Epidemiol., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 148–154, 2015. doi: https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20140082
K.-C. Chen, C.-J. Yeh, J.-F. Kuo, C.-L. Hsieh, S.-F. Yang, and C.-H. Wang, “Footprint analysis of flatfoot in preschool-aged children,” Eur. J. Pediatr., vol. 170, no. 5, pp. 611–617, May 2011. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-010-1330-4
A. García-Rodríguez, F. Martín-Jiménez, M. Carnero-Varo, E. Gómez-Gracia, J. Gómez-Aracena, and J. Fernández-Crehuet, “Flexible flat feet in children: a real problem?,” Pediatrics, vol. 103, no. 6, art. e84, Jun. 1999. doi: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.103.6.e84
G. Troiano, N. Nante, and G. L. Citarelli, “Pes planus and pes cavus in southern Italy: a 5 years study,” Ann. Ist. Super. Sanità, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 142–145, Apr. 2017. doi: https://doi.org/10.4415/ANN_17_02_10
D. Whitford and A. Esterman, “A Randomized Controlled Trial of Two Types of In-Shoe Orthoses in Children with Flexible Excess Pronation of the Feet,” Foot Ankle Int., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 715–723, Jun. 2007. doi: https://doi.org/10.3113/FAI.2007.0715
A. González de Aledo Linos, A. Rollán Rollán, C. Bonilla Miera, A. Montes Conde, M. C. Diego Santamaría, and M. Obeso García, “Resultados del screening con podoscopio en 948 ninos no seleccionados con especial referencia al pie cavo,” An. Esp. Pediatr., vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 579–582, 1996. [Online]. Available: https://www.aeped.es/sites/default/files/anales/45-6-5.pdf
O. Espinoza-Navarro, M. Olivares-Urquieta, P. Palacios-Navarrete, and N. Robles-Flores, “Prevalencia de Anomalías de Pie en Niños de Enseñanza Básica de Entre 6 a 12 Años, de Colegios de la Ciudad de Arica-Chile,” Int. J. Morphol., vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 162–168, Mar. 2013. doi: https://doi.org/10.4067/s0717-95022013000100027
P. Hernández-Gandarillas, S. L. Orozco-Villaseñor, J. de Jesús Mayagoitia-Vázquez, I. Miguel-Andrés, J. P. Herrera-Rangel, and K. D. de la Cruz-Alvarado, “Results of the Use of Personalized Insoles for the Treatment of Cavus Foot and Comorbidities,” in VIII Lat. Am. Caribb. Conf. Eng. Technol., XLII Nat. Conf. Biomed. Eng. (IFMBE Proc.), Cancun, Mexico, 2020, pp. 921–932. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30648-9_119
R. Woźniacka, A. Bac, S. Matusik, E. Szczygieł, and E. Ciszek, “Body weight and the medial longitudinal foot arch: High-arched foot, a hidden problem?,” Eur. J. Pediatr., vol. 172, no. 5, pp. 683–691, May 2013. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-013-1943-5
S. Pita-Fernandez, C. Gonzalez-Martin, F. Alonso-Tejada, T. Sepane-Pillado, S. Pertega-Diaz, S. Perez-Garcia, R. Seijo-Bestilleiro, V. Balboa-Barreiro, “Flat foot in a random population and its impact on quality of life and functionality,” J. Clin. Diagn. Res., vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 22–27, Feb. 2017. doi: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2017/24362.9697
T. Bhoir, D. B. Anap, and A. Diwate, “Prevalence of flat foot among 18-25 years old physiotherapy students: Cross sectional study,” Indian J. Basic Appl. Med. Res., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 272–278, Sep. 2014. [Online]. Available: https://www.ijbamr.com/assets/images/issues/pdf/September%202014%20272-278.pdf.pdf
E. Vergara Amador, R. F. Serrano Sánchez, J. R. Correa Posada, A. C. Molano, and O. A. Guevara, “Prevalence of flatfoot in school between 3 and 10 years. Study of two different populations geographically and socially,” Colomb. Med., vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 141–146, Jun. 2012. doi: https://doi.org/10.25100/cm.v43i2.785
M. E. Nikolaidou and K. D. Boudolos, “A footprint-based approach for the rational classification of foot types in young schoolchildren,” Foot, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 82–90, Jun. 2006. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2006.02.001
J. C. Zuil-Escobar, C. B. Martínez-Cepa, J. A. Martín-Urrialde, and A. Gómez-Conesa, “Medial longitudinal arch: Accuracy, reliability, and correlation between navicular drop test and footprint parameters,” J. Manip. Physiol. Ther., vol. 41, no. 8, pp. 672–679, Oct. 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2018.04.001
E. J. Harris, J. V. Vanore, J. L. Thomas, S. R. Kravitz, S. A. Mendelson, R. W. Mendicino, S H. Silvani, and S. C. Gassen, “Diagnosis and treatment of pediatric flatfoot,” J. Foot Ankle Surg., vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 341–373, Nov. 2004. doi: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2004.09.013
F. Halabchi, R. Mazaheri, M. Mirshahi, and L. Abbasian, “Pediatric flexible flatfoot; clinical aspects and algorithmic approach,” Ira. J. Pediatr., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 247–60, Jun. 2013. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3684468/
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Revista mexicana de ingeniería biomédica.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Upon acceptance of an article in the RMIB, corresponding authors will be asked to fulfill and sign the copyright and the journal publishing agreement, which will allow the RMIB authorization to publish this document in any media without limitations and without any cost. Authors may reuse parts of the paper in other documents and reproduce part or all of it for their personal use as long as a bibliographic reference is made to the RMIB. However written permission of the Publisher is required for resale or distribution outside the corresponding author institution and for all other derivative works, including compilations and translations.
